Copyright

This journal is published by the Institute of Teacher Education Tuanku Bainun Campus (IPGKTB) and is the property of IPGKTB, which holds the copyright. It operates as an open-access journal, with all articles distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY). This license allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided that proper credit is given to the authors, citation details, and publisher. Any reuse or distribution must clearly indicate that the article is available under a Creative Commons Attribution license. The copyright for Paradigma Journal remains with IPGKTB.